Digital transformation plays a significant role in enhancing the efficiency of Oman’s supply chain, particularly in the logistics and transportation sectors, by adopting advanced technologies. This mixed-methods study investigates how digital technologies improve supply chain efficiency in Oman by identifying key technologies, analyzing implementation barriers, assessing current systems, and evaluating the benefits of digital transformation. Data were collected through a questionnaire administered to 50 respondents and semi-structured interviews conducted with six participants. The quantitative findings indicate strong relationships between digital transformation, organizational agility, and competitive performance, with organizational agility serving as a mediating factor and environmental uncertainty acting as a moderating factor. The qualitative findings highlight the adoption of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, and artificial intelligence (AI), which contribute to cost savings of 10–20% and lead-time reductions of up to 30%. Despite these benefits, the study identifies several challenges, including financial constraints and shortages of skilled labor, which may hinder the effective implementation of digital technologies. Overall, the study concludes that digital transformation is essential for improving Oman’s supply chain efficiency and strengthening global competitiveness. It recommends increased investment in digital technologies, workforce training, and supportive policy interventions to overcome implementation barriers and support the goals of Oman Vision 2040.