This study examines the determinants of Government Effectiveness in six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries over the period 2003–2024 using a panel dataset of 168 observations. An Integrated Socio-Digital Governance Framework is developed to assess the roles of Digital Government Development, Human Capital, and Organizational Ergonomics and Workplace Safety in shaping institutional performance. The analysis employs a dynamic System Generalized Method of Moments (System GMM) estimator to address persistence, endogeneity, and unobserved heterogeneity. The findings indicate that Digital Government Development, Human Capital, and Organizational Ergonomics and Workplace Safety Conditions significantly improve Government Effectiveness. Furthermore, the interaction between Digital Government Development and Human Capital is positive and significant, suggesting that digital transformation yields stronger governance outcomes when supported by adequate workforce capabilities. The results remain robust across alternative specifications and estimation methods.